An extension of altering the patterns or frequency of when meals are consumed is to examine the pattern upon which protein feedings occur. Researchers have clearly illustrated that upon ingestion of a meal containing protein and/or amino acids, serum levels of amino acids as well as MPS rates will rise and stay elevated for three to 5 h depending on bolus size [147, 148]. Moore and colleagues [149] examined the differences in protein turnover and synthesis rates when participants ingested different patterns, in a randomized order, of an 80-g total dose of protein over a 12-h measurement period following a bout of lower body resistance exercise. One of the protein feeding patterns required participants to consume two 40-g doses of whey protein isolate approximately 6 h apart. Another condition required the consumption of four, 20-g doses of whey protein isolate every 3 h. The final condition required the participants to consume eight, 10-g doses of whey protein isolate every 90 min. Rates of muscle protein turnover, synthesis, and breakdown were compared, and the authors concluded that protein turnover and synthesis rates were greatest when intermediate-sized (20-g) doses of whey protein isolate were consumed every 3 h. One of the caveats of this investigation was the very low total dose of protein consumed. Eighty grams of protein over a 12-h period would be grossly inadequate for athletes performing high volumes of training as well as those who are extremely heavy (e.g., American football players, sumo wrestlers, field athletes, etc.). A follow-up study one year later from the same research group determined myofibrillar protein synthesis rates after randomizing participants into three different protein ingestion patterns and examined how altering the pattern of protein administration affected protein synthesis rates after a bout of resistance exercise [150]. Two key outcomes were identified. First, rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis rates increased in all three groups. Second, when four, 20-g doses of whey protein isolate were consumed every 3 h over a 12-h post-exercise period, significantly greater (in comparison to the other two patterns of protein ingestion) rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis occurred. In combining the results of both studies, one can conclude that ingestion of intermediate protein doses (20 g) consumed every 3 h creates more favorable changes in both whole-body as well as myofibrillar protein synthesis [149, 150]. Although both studies employed short-term methodology and other patterns or doses have yet to be examined, the results thus far consistently suggest that the timing or pattern in which high-quality protein is ingested may favorably impact net protein balance as well as rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis.
Design Patterns Gang Of Four Epub 155
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"This book provides a great demonstration of the key 'Gang of Four' design patterns without resorting to overly technical explanations. Written in a precise, yet almost informal style, this book covers enough ground that even those without prior exposure to design patterns will soon feel confident applying them using Ruby. Olsen has done a great job to make a book about a classically 'dry' subject into such an engaging and even occasionally humorous read."
"Design Patterns in Ruby is a great way for programmers from statically typed objectoriented languages to learn how design patterns appear in a more dynamic, flexible language like Ruby."
Design Patterns in Ruby also identifies innovative new patterns that have emerged from the Ruby community. These include ways to create custom objects with metaprogramming, as well as the ambitious Rails-based "Convention Over Configuration" pattern, designed to help integrate entire applications and frameworks.
Fourth, RR estimates for chronic diseases and conditions resulting from alcohol consumption frequently are hampered by weak study designs that base estimates of alcohol-related risks on nonexperimental designs (i.e., case-control and cohort studies). These study designs are limited by factors that cannot be controlled for and which may lead to incorrect results. For example, experimental studies on the effects of antioxidants have failed to confirm the protective effects of such agents found in observational studies (Bjelakovic et al. 2008). Furthermore, the sampling methodology of many of the cohort studies that were used in the meta-analyses for the above-presented RRs is problematic, especially when studying the effects of alcohol consumption. Many of the cohorts in these studies were from high-income countries and were chosen based on maximizing follow-up rates. Although the chosen cohorts exhibited variation in average daily alcohol consumption, little variation was observed in drinking patterns and other potential moderating lifestyle factors.
The recent report estimated the costs of excessive alcohol consumption, which includes binge drinking (four or more drinks per occasion for a woman and five or more drinks per occasion for a man), heavy drinking (more than one drink per day on average for a woman and more than two drinks per day on average for a man), any alcohol consumption by persons younger than 21, and any alcohol consumption by pregnant women. The surveys used generally ask respondents about the 30 days prior to the survey. The focus on excessive drinking, rather than alcohol use disorders, allows for a more comprehensive look at the health and social consequences that are associated with harmful drinking patterns, including a wide range of acute and chronic health problems, productivity losses due to absenteeism, and crimes committed while intoxicated. In some cases, a history of alcohol abuse or dependence was used as a specific indicator of excessive drinking (e.g., productivity losses based on lost earnings).
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